Courtly And Uncourtly Views Of Poetry :: essays research papers

Between the twelfth and fifteenth century, the form of the lyric was founded in and became very popular within England. a few(prenominal) of the lyrics that were composed remain in existance today. This is mainly due to the fact that these lyrics were transferred orally. This meant they were never printed or published. The ones we do have paint for us a vague further sufficient picture of life as it was in these times. Particularily they give us a peek into the lives of the women of the medieval era and how they were viewed by their patriarchal society. The ways women were visualised in much of the poetry can be expressed in two broad categories courtly and uncourtly. The former of these categories developed from the lyrics of the Proven-al troubadours. The latter is, in relation, a more modern view of women, one that sees them as irritating and stupid.Courtly poetry, as I said, developed from the lyrics of the troubadours. Although there atomic number 18 many similarities, suc h(prenominal) as the womans high status, there are also many dissimilarities. One of the most obvious of these is these poets acceptance of the real world. It is difficult to acknowledge references to other women in the troubadours poetry let alone other relationships as one would find in the Middle English courtly lyric. An example of such a reference can be found in the refrain An handy hap ich habbe ihent / Ichot from hevene it is me sent / From alle wimmen my love is lent, / And light on Alisoun(Luria, 27). This poet tells his lady that his center of attention is set on her and no other woman can pull him away. To a troubadour saying that there was anything but his lady would be abominable. in that respect is little of the intensity of devotion and the analysis of love that is characteristic of the Troubadours. Nor are these personal lyrics of private, intimate love. On the contrary, they are public poems operating through well-recognized conventions.These conventions are a li ttle different from those of the troubadours as well. The lady has hair of gold, a long neck, a slender waist and is often described as beingness prudent and wise. But these poems focus not on the lady but on the lover and his suffering for derne love or secret love. The lovers day is spent sighing and begging his lady to pity and have mercy on him.

The pulse code digitization and companding on a signal Essay example --

AIM The main aim of this project is to demonstrate the pulse code digitization and companding on a channelise and to observe the effects of sampling depths and companding on the polarity to noise ratio (SQR).INTRODUCTIONPCM- In the pulse code modulation (PCM), the signal is a digitally represented analog signal in which the signal magnitude is sampled with uniform intervals. Each sample is quantized to the closest value of the digital signal. In the pulse code modulation, the signal is binary. The two possible states represented in PCM are logic 1(high) and logic 0 (low). The main advantage of PCM signal is that it is derived from analog signal which is multiplexed with data from the computer and carried over a common high-speed channel.COMPANDING- The combination of compressing and expanding is known as companding. In companding, the data is blotto before it is sent and then expanded at the receiving end using the same non-linear scale. The noise and crosstalk levels at the recei ver are reduced repayable to companding. It is used in wireless microphones for better dynamic range and also in digital and telephony systems for compressing of the input signal and expanding of the output signal. The below figure 1 shows the demonstration of PCM with and without companding. Figure1- PCM with and without companding Procedure to create PCM and companding on excel sheetThe PCM and companding of a signal is done on a spreadsheet using excel. Firstly, a sine wave is created by varying the time with respect to the amplitude. The frequency of the signal is taken as 10 Hz. The quantisation process of the signal go out be done. A quantized sine wave is then created. Now the number of levels cell (N) should be created. We take the value ... ...ude=0.1, large N=8. represent I) Plot of SQR vs Amplitude with Companding (mu=255) and without Companding (mu=0). GRAPH J) Plot of SQR vs bit depth both with Companding (mu=255) and without Companding (mu=0). Where A=1, and bi t depths are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256. CONCLUSION This lab was carried out to compand and quantizes a congresswoman signal. We In the Using the pulse modulation technique, the analog signal is converted into the digital signal. The process of quantization and companding of a signal is carried on the spreadsheets. To attain a clear signal to quantization noise ratio, the number of samples should be increased. By increasing the sampling depth, the quantization error can be minimized. By companding process, the quantization noise and distortion levels can be minimized. Companding improves response for low amplitude signals.

Comparing Love and Acceptance in I Stand Here Ironing and Everyday Use :: comparison compare contrast essays

Love and Acceptance in I Stand here Ironing and Everyday Use Tillie Olsens I Stand present Ironing, and Alice Walkers Everyday Use, both address the issue of a perplexs guilt over how her children turn out. twain suffers blamed themselves for their daughters problems. While I Stand Here Ironing is obviously about the mousy daughter, in Everyday Use this is camouflaged by the circumstance most of the action and dialog involves the mother and older sister Dee. Neither does the mother in Everyday Use say outright that she feels guilty, but we gravel a glimpse of it when Dee is trying very hard to claim the handmade quilts. The mother says she did something she had never done before, hugged Maggie to me, then took the quilts from Dee and gave them to Maggie. In I Stand Here Ironing the mother tells us she feels guilty for the way her daughter Emily is, for the things she (the mother) did and did not do. The mothers neighbor even tells her she should smile at Emily more when you lo ok at her. over again towards the end of the story Emilys mother admits my wisdom came too late. The mothers unknowingly gave Emily and Maggie second best. Both mothers compare their two daughters to each other. In Everyday Use the mother tells us that Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. She Fahning -2-speaks of the fire that burned and scarred Maggie. She tells us how Maggie is not bright, how she shuffles when she walks. Comparing her with Dee whose feet vwere always neat-looking, as if God himself had molded them. We also learn of Dees style and the way she awes the other girls at school with it. The mother in I Stand Here Ironing speaks of Susan, quick and enjoin and assured, everything in appearance and manner Emily was not. Emily thin and dark and foreign-looking at a time when every little girl was supposed to look or prospect she should look a chubby blonde replica of Shirley Temple. Like Dee, Emily had a physical limitation also. Hers was ast hma. Both Emily and Maggie show resentment towards their sisters. The sisters who God rewarded with good looks and poise. Emilys mother points out the poisonous feeling between the sisters, feelings she contributed to by her inability to balance the hurts and needs of the two.

frost Essay -- essays research papers

The Road Not Taken In line i, Frost introduces the elements of his primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Lines two to three expresses the speakers disappointment with his human limitations he mustiness make a choice. The choice is not easy, since "long I stood" before coming to a decision. Lines four and five examine the path as trump out the narrator can. However his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. These lines indicate that although the speaker would like to acquire more information, he is prevented from doing so because of the genius of his environment. In the quest three lines, lines six finished eight, the speaker indicates that the second path is a more attractive choice because it appears as though nix has ventured down it recently. However, he remains ambivalent, since the traveled path is "just as fair.?Although the poet breaks for a new stanza after line 10, the comparison of the paths continues in lines social club throug h twelve. Here, the speaker states that the paths are "really about the same." Neither path has been traveled lately. Although hes searching for a clear logical reason to choose a hit path, not one presents itself. In lines thirteen through fifteen, the speaker makes his decision. He tries to rationalize that he will be able to traverse both paths one day. However, he is quick to dismiss his hopes. Ending line thirteen, the exclamation point conveys excitement, but that excitement is quickly undercut by the admission contained in the following lines. In the final four lines, the only stanza beginning with a new sentence, the tone clearly shifts. The speaker imagines himself in the future, discussing his life. What he suggests, here, though, appears to contradict what he has express earlier. At the end of the poem, in the future, he will claim that the paths were different from each other and that he, courageous, did not choose the conventional one. Frosts quarrel with the realism is manifest in this poem. The speaker of this poem, presumable Frost himself, is forced to make a decision. Literally, he must choose a path in the timber. However, Frosts paths in the woods metaphorically describe the decisions that one must make in life. Frost is perturbed with the world because, like the speaker, he has to choose between two different paths. all(prenominal) path appears to be suitable, yet, Fro... ... done something or spoken a word that indicates who he really is, there is no turning back, in cannot be undone. at once again at the end of the poem regret hangs over the traveler. He realizes that at the end of his life, somewhere ages and ages hence? he will suck the declination about having never gone back and traveling the road he did not take. Yet, he remains proud of his decision and recognizes that it was this path that he chose which helped him decease the life he did. I took the road less traveled by and that has made all the difference? T o this man, the most important thing was that he did not have to follow the crowd and could stand independent and travel down the road he really wanted to. If he had not, he would not be the same man he is now. There are many equally valid meanings to this poem and Robert Frost whitethorn have intended this. He may have been trying to achieve a universal meaning. In other words, there is no real moral to the poem. There is simply a narrator who makes a decision in his life that changed the direction of his life. It allows all readers from all different experiences to relate to the poem and encourages each to peruse his own dreams and individuality. frost audition -- essays research papers The Road Not Taken In line one, Frost introduces the elements of his primary metaphor, the diverging roads. Lines two to three expresses the speakers disappointment with his human limitations he must make a choice. The choice is not easy, since "long I stood" before coming to a decision. Lines four and five examine the path as best the narrator can. However his vision is limited because the path bends and is covered over. These lines indicate that although the speaker would like to acquire more information, he is prevented from doing so because of the nature of his environment. In the following three lines, lines six through eight, the speaker indicates that the second path is a more attractive choice because it appears as though nobody has ventured down it recently. However, he remains ambivalent, since the traveled path is "just as fair.?Although the poet breaks for a new stanza after line 10, the comparison of the paths continues in lines nine through twelve. Here, the speaker states that the paths are "really about the same." Neither path has been traveled lately. Although hes searching for a clear logical reason to choose a single path, not one presents itself. In lines thirteen through fifteen, the speaker makes his decision. He tri es to rationalize that he will be able to traverse both paths one day. However, he is quick to dismiss his hopes. Ending line thirteen, the exclamation point conveys excitement, but that excitement is quickly undercut by the admission contained in the following lines. In the final four lines, the only stanza beginning with a new sentence, the tone clearly shifts. The speaker imagines himself in the future, discussing his life. What he suggests, here, though, appears to contradict what he has said earlier. At the end of the poem, in the future, he will claim that the paths were different from each other and that he, courageous, did not choose the conventional one. Frosts quarrel with the world is apparent in this poem. The speaker of this poem, presumable Frost himself, is forced to make a decision. Literally, he must choose a path in the woods. However, Frosts paths in the woods metaphorically describe the decisions that one must make in life. Frost is perturbed with the world becau se, like the speaker, he has to choose between two divergent paths. Each path appears to be suitable, yet, Fro... ... done something or spoken a word that indicates who he really is, there is no turning back, in cannot be undone. Once again at the end of the poem regret hangs over the traveler. He realizes that at the end of his life, somewhere ages and ages hence? he will have the regrets about having never gone back and traveling the road he did not take. Yet, he remains proud of his decision and recognizes that it was this path that he chose which helped him live the life he did. I took the road less traveled by and that has made all the difference? To this man, the most important thing was that he did not have to follow the crowd and could stand independent and travel down the road he really wanted to. If he had not, he would not be the same man he is now. There are many equally valid meanings to this poem and Robert Frost may have intended this. He may have been trying to achi eve a universal meaning. In other words, there is no real moral to the poem. There is simply a narrator who makes a decision in his life that changed the direction of his life. It allows all readers from all different experiences to relate to the poem and encourages each to peruse his own dreams and individuality.

Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To assassinate a Mockingbird Of all the mixed approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest impact over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, and characters. These are all greatly extant in Harper Lees classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird, an extraordinary examination of the Depression-era South through the eyes of a young girl with rare news program and insight, living in a small town which is filled with these archetypal images. To Kill a Mockingbird, when approached from the Mythological/Archetypal viewpoint, is a prime example of the tercet primary elements that the method of criticism inspects universality in character, symbol, and plot. Universal characters in To Kill a Mockingbird are present, and well documented. For example, Jem and Scout embody the ideals of juvenility and the naivety of innocence, while Tom Robinson with his withered arm symbolizes the crippled powerlessness of the black community. The scene where Tom is revealed to be physically handicapped is particularly salubrious Tom Robinsons powerful shoulders rippled under his thin shirt. He rose to his feet and stood with his right hand on the back of his chair. He looked oddly off balance, except it was not from the way he was standing. His left arm was fully twelve inches shorter than his right, and hung dead at his side. It ended in a small shriveled han... ...d proves to be a novel rich in allusions to other characters, symbols, and plots in the literature. Work Cited Anglin, Laura. Allusory Justice Ramblings in a Mythogenic Zone. May 5, 2000. http//www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/HarperLee/laura.html Bruccoli , Matthew J., ed. The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York Scribners, 1989. Johnson, Claudia Durst. To Kill A Mockingbird Threatening Boundaries. New York Twain, 1994. ---. Understanding To Kill A Mockingbird A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources and Historical Documents. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1994 Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. Philadelphia Harper & Row, 1960. Margaritopoulou, Cleopatra. Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill A Mockingbird. May 5, 2000. http//www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/HarperLee/cleo.html

Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To putting to death a Mockingbird Of all the various approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest trespass over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very spirit of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, and characters. These are all greatly extant in Harper Lees classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird, an extraordinary examination of the Depression-era South through the eyes of a young girl with rare intelligence and insight, living in a dinky town which is filled with these archetypal images. To Kill a Mockingbird, when approached from the Mythological/Archetypal viewpoint, is a prime example of the three primary elements that the method of criticism inspects universality in character, symbol, and plot. Universal characters in To Kill a Mockingbird are present, and well documented. For example, Jem and Scout embody the ideals of youth and the naivety of innocence, while Tom Robinson with his shrivel arm symbolizes the crippled powerlessness of the black community. The scene where Tom is revealed to be physically handicapped is particularly strong Tom Robinsons powerful shoulders rippled infra his thin shirt. He rose to his feet and stood with his right hand on the back of his chair. He looked oddly off balance, but it was not from the way he was standing. His odd arm was fully twelve inches shorter than his right, and hung dead at his side. It ended in a small shriveled han... ...d proves to be a novel rich in allusions to other characters, symbols, and plots in the literature. Work Cited Anglin, Laura. Allusory Justice Ramblings in a Mythogenic Zone. May 5, 2000. http//www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/HarperLee/laura.html Bruccoli, Mat thew J., ed. The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. rising York Scribners, 1989. Johnson, Claudia Durst. To Kill A Mockingbird Threatening Boundaries. New York Twain, 1994. ---. Understanding To Kill A Mockingbird A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources and Historical Documents. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1994 Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. Philadelphia Harper & Row, 1960. Margaritopoulou, Cleopatra. Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill A Mockingbird. May 5, 2000. http//www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/HarperLee/cleo.html

On Drama Translation Essay

Like their contemporary prose translators who were introducing Western fiction to China, budding free reintists were enthusiastic about bringing Western tricks to the Chinese stage. The first pushover was re-create in Japan from an adaptation of Lin Shus version of Uncle Toms Cabin. A Chinese student in Japan named Li Shutong adapted the script. The play was put on by members of the Chun Liu (Spring Willow) Drama Society. Their performance marked a unadulterated break from traditional theatrical practices. After the May 4th Movement, complete translations of plays were published and used in productions.M some(prenominal) established writers began to try their hand at writing scripts for the stage. Also in the introduction of foreign masterpieces, a clutch of famous translators were produced. If we have a try at drama, we potty find it very difficult, more difficult than the translation of novels. Actually, drama is very different from novel. And drama translation mustiness be simulatee in a much different way. First, drama scripts are written for stage performance. So the translated scripts must be suitable for the earshot. But poems, prose and novels are written for reading. Though sometimes foreign scripts are produced only for reading, there are seldom the cases.Also the foreign playwrights would be against that. Second, drama performance is a comprehensive ways of acting. It is an audio-visual art, which needs lighting, stage properties, and sound effects. The lines by the actors contribute a slap-up deal to the success of the play. The audience relies heavily on the lines of the play. Most of them are ordinary people, but non erudite scholars. The actors usually dont repeat the words except for the pursuit of laying stress. If the lines are too obscure, the audience impart get confused as a play goes on without a stop. Third, there arent any an nonations in a stage performance.In a novel, the hidden intention of the characters, the natural and social background, cause and effect of the subtle changes of the emotions can be declared by the narrator. So the readers can grasp the whole text and better read it. But in a play performance, the audience get culture only from the lines of the characters. Further more, foreign playwrights often use puns or allusions in a play. It is really difficult to translate them in simple talking to receivable to the cultural differences. For usage, an allusion in the original play may be very appropriate and enlightening.But a literal translation of it maycause great trouble to the Chinese. And an annotation for the allusion is not feasible because in stage performance, an actor cant speak the annotation. He can only use vexation firm language, stage properties to imply it. So drama translation organizes higher standards for the translations. So the above-mentioned three characters of drama require a popular and simple language of the translation. For example, in the revised ver sion of the translation by Yang xianyi of Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw, the translator adds some words, delegate some to make the befriend version simpler in enunciation and structure.Example 1 The Mother (to Clara) Give it to me. (Clara parts reluctantly) Now (to the girl) this is for your flowers. (Act I) First version ( ) ( )( ) ? , 1(P. 9) Second version ( ) ( )( ) ? , 2(P. 462) In the first version, the translated sentence seems more faithful and close to the original text. But it is mucilaginous sounding. But the revised version is easier for pronunciation and causes no cause in understanding in the text, the money is surely the compensation for the flower but not other things.Example 2 Algernon Ah That must be Aunt Augusta. Only relatives, or creditors, ever ring in that Wagnrian manner. This is from the Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, a line by Algergon, when he hears the rings of the bell. Wagner refers to a famous German playwright Richard Wagner who is famo us for his sublime style. A literal translation of it will cause great trouble for the Chinese because they dont k this instant Wagner, let alone his style. But Yu guangzhang translates it as , . 3(p. 129)The phrase is sonorous and a piddling bit exaggerating.But it is so vivid that it presents an arrogant aristocratic woman to us. Example 3 Hamlet Look here upon this picture, and on this, The counterfeit intro of two brothers. See what a grace was seated on this brow Hyperions curls, the front of Jove himself, An eye bid Mars, to threaten and command, A station like the herald Mercury New lighted on a heaven kissing hill, a combination and a form indeed, Where every god did seem to set his seal To give the world assurance of a man. This is your husband. ( The Tragedy of Hamlet, Act III, scene IV) Liang shiqiu version , ,, , , , , 4 In this paragraph, the Gods Hyperion, Jove, Mars, Mercury are not familiar to the Chinese audience. They may be confused by a transliterat ion. Though Liang shiqiu uses annotations that will not help much. The audience cannot have a script while watching. But Zhu shenghao is more tactful in his translation. Zhu shenghao version , , , , ,, 5 In this version, Zhu shenghao avoids the transliteration of unfamiliar names. Instead he grasps their symbols and personal traits. So the audience could follow the play more easily though they dont remember the specific names of these characters. Since drama is mainly written for stage performance, it is different from novels, prose and poems. We can read novels slowly and casually. If we cant understand some part of it, we can reread it and ponder on it. A first reading of a novel may mean nothing to you. As we read it time and again, we can dig deeper and deeper into it.But in drama performance, its purpose is to bring about sudden upheavals of the highest moral nature. 6(p. 44)So drama language should not only be simple and understandable, but also must vividly demonstrate t he personalities of the characters in a specific historical period. To avoid the stereotype, the translator must pay much attention to the roles of the characters in relation to others. The tones, intonation and diction of the characters should also be noticed. Example 4 The BYSTANDERS GENERALLY (demonstrating against police espionage) Course they could. What business is it of yours?You mind your own affairs. He wants promotion, he does. Taking down peoples words Girl never said a word to him. What trauma if she did? Nice thing a girl cant shelter from the rain without being insulted, ect. , ect, (Act I) first version ( ) , , , 7(p. 17) second version ( ) , , , 8 (p. 465) The second version of the translation adds the exclamation . It can vividly show the questioning tone of the bystanders.If the actors tact practicedy express it on the stage, which will draw the sympathy from the audience toward the protagonist. Another example of the flexible translation can be shown in Romeo and Julie Friar Laurence Here comes the lady/ O, so light a foot /Will never wear out the everlasting granitic / A lover may bestride the gossamers/ That idles in the wanton summer air, / And yet not fall so light is vanity. Cao yus version ,? , , , , 9 Zhu shenghaos version , , ,,. 10 The second version of the dialogue is better. In the first version, the last sentence , is obscure. The second version of this sentence can fit in well with the profession of Fiar Laurence. It vividly depicts a priest who is greatly concerned about the properties of the church and is devoted to his work. Another important aspect of drama is the scene of nominal head. In drama performance, the movement of actors will cause conflicts. The conflicts will push forward the development of the story. Then the audience will be interested and follow the show.So the actor must act on their personalities, intentions and run into conflicts with to each one other. And language should show the kind of movement. In Thunderstorm by Cao yu, the fierce contradiction between labor and slap-up can be read in the dialogues. So the language is full of movements. For example , , Hai You drowned two thousand two hundred coolies in cold blood, and for each life lost you raked in three hundred dollars I tell you, creature, youve made your money by killing people, and you and your sons stand accursed foreverAnd now on top of that you 11(p. 492) Literally, the word is just calling the name of eats puyuan in an impolite way. But its translation shows the sharp opposition between him and Zhou puyuan. Also it hints that Hai will retaliate on Zhou. So it is full of movements. In the Importance of being Earnest, Yu guangzhong is also good at showing the movements in the language. For example Algernon how are you, my dear Ernest? What brings you up to town? Jack Oh, pleasure pleasureWhat else should bring one anywhere? Yu guangzhong translates it as ? , , 12(p.126)Yu knows that Jack is a dand yish play boy. In the play, he just comes to Algernon for fun. The translation is far better than . and will agree with his proposal to Miss Bracknell. Finally, dramatic language should be refined and full of emotions. Without poetic sentiment, dialogues are half-dead. 13 The language of drama should have rhythm, be rich in meaning and full of unspoken words.In the dramas by Ibsen, Shakespeare, and Caoyu, we can note the strong emotions and mellowness of their language. For example, in Caoyus translation of Romeo and Julie, we are overwhelmed by his coruscating wit.Julie Since arm from arm that voice doth us affray,/ Hunting thee hence with hunts-up to the day. Cao version , 14 In the original language, the word affray rhymes with day. So the sentence can be read fluently. Cao is clever enough to end each clause with ? and ? , so they still rhyme with each other. Also the rhythm and appeal are attained. Another example of the poetical emotions can be shown in Yang xianyis transl ation of Quyuan by Guo moruo. , , , , , , ,? ,? ,? , , , Caos version

Key Enm4

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Control Key and Word Text and Graphics.Cambridge BEC Vantage 3, Test 1 Part 4 Cambridge BEC Higher 2, Test 1 Part 1 Cambridge BEC Vantage 2, Test 2 Part 3, Cambridge BEC Vantage 4, Test 1 Part 4 Cambridge BEC Higher 1, Test 2, Part 1 Vantage Self study, Test 2, Part 3 Cambridge BEC Higher 1, Test 3, Part 1 Cambridge BEC Vantage 1, test 2, part 4 last BEC Vantage Masterclass unit of measurement 4, Work ledger p. 10 Cambridge BEC Higher 2, Test 1, part 2, p. 20 Cambridge BEC Vantage 2, Test 4 Part 3, p. 82 Cambridge BEC Vantage 4, Test 4 Part 4 Cambridge BEC Higher 1, Test 1 Part 1 Cambridge BEC Vantage 2, Test 1 Part 3, Cambridge BEC Vantage 2, Test 2, Part 4Cambridge BEC Higher 2, Test 3, Part 1 Pass BEC Vantage Self-study, Test 2, Part 3 Cambridge BEC Higher 4, Test 3, Part 1 Cambridge BEC Vantage 4, Test 2, Part 4 Resit Cambridge BEC Vantage Self-study, Test 1, Part 4, P. 24 Cambridge BEC Vantage 2, test 1 part 2, p. 20 Cambridge BEC higher 2, test 2, part 3 p. 30 Cambridge BEC Vantage Self Study, Test 4 Part 4 Cambridge BEC Higher 4, Test 4, Part 1 Cambridge BEC V antage 3, Test 1 Part 3 Cambridge BEC Vantage Self study, Test 3, Part 4 Cambridge BEC Higher 4, Test 3, Part 1 Vantage Self study, Test 3, Part 3 (used) Builder Higher , Test 1, part 1Pass BEC Vantage Self study, Test 2, part 4 Grammar and Vocabulary Progress Test 1 + Midterm block 1 + Final Exam + Resit MC building block 1 This invention reduced outpution time by a of months, and Freudenberg consequently became wizard of the biggest tanneries in atomic number 63. come in problem trouble matter Installing an automated system means selective information is now yet once solely ass be admission charge by anyone in the partnership. penetrated entered put placed I discombobulate received numerous complaints that Meetup is plurality with un desireed emails. bombarding falling pouring flowing When , effective communicators ar good at giving information. peak speaking spoken to speak The manager recomm completions email only three times a day, allocating a score period of ti me to deal with it. checking to check check checked If you say something under your , you whisper or say it very quietly. mouth ears tongue confidential information It is easy to the difference between the bank nones used in the country. say speak tell talk Good communicators do non rank and lose of the chief(prenominal) message. meaning light sense sight A person al tracks keeps his or her attention fixed on what he or she necessitates to achieve. uninhibited pore eloquent succinctWhen soul is dismissed from the line of credit, we can say that they induct got the boot got the shoe got the sandal got the slipper He was unable to express his disagreement although he is by and giving . amicable assertive accessible agreeable Identifying the sub chemical groups within an organization and making sure each group feels take accountd and respected can do to a broader extent to encourage the sharing of information. progress far some(prenominal) lap Good communicators st igma their clearly and avoid technical terms, abbreviation or jargons. points means fantasy knowledges Not all politicians be eloquent. Some of them charge use an autocue notepad sticker auto noteInstalling an automated system means data is now only once but can be accessed by anyone in the company, wherever they argon. paced registered admitted entered 1. Good communicators maintain eye contact and have a relaxed body style when speaking they in reality take in what peck say. in on at up 2. The speakers went on and on and did not push to the point. I had no idea of what they were rambling nearly(predicate). Rambling digressing interrupting engaging 3. Good communicators sometimes digress and leave the main point to chip in information and details. However, they ordain not ramble and lose sight of the main message. Confuse digress explain larify 4. Its useful to allocate a set period of time to process your inbox, rather than checking it sporadically throughout the da y. Allocate indicate deliver distribute 5. The companys advertising emphasizes that it provides a personal health service accommodate to the separate needs. Met tailored satisfied fixed 6. A brave pertly existence is a world in which society has been transformed by technology and science. Brave industrial modern courageous 7. It is easy to tell the difference between the banknotes in the US and the UK. Say tell speak ask 8. He would like to nab out whether he stands a chance of getting promoted or not.Hang on a second. I am afraid that we argon duplicating wreak be beat I to a fault asked my surgical incision to do this. Copying duplicating wasting imitating 9. Breakd take in in communication can communicate the world to a halt today. S merry-go-round halt cancel opening 10. If something is in the air, you feel that it is happening or about to happen. air sky hand atmosphere 11. The.. articulate stack express thoughts and feelings easily and clearly so that closely every one can understand. Responsive eloquent persuasive articulate 12. He seems so uninhibited here. He behaves and speaks freely and does not c ar what early(a)wise people may entail. Incoherent rticulate uninhibited inarticulate 13. By creating a relaxed atmosphere, good presenters can easily establish rapport for the audience. And a good rapport, as many presenters go forth tell you, is half the battle. Set up form establish find 14. The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry Percussions give-and-take recession repercussions Extra Disruptive technology is a peeled technology, untold(prenominal) as computers and Internet, which has rapid and major effect on technologies that existed to begin with. The tariff for something is a identify of prices, especially ones which vary according to the time or day of use.When somebody is dismissed from the job, we can say that they have Got the boot Got the shoe Got the sandal Got the slipper A lazy employ ee who only pretends to work is said to be Swinging the lead Fillblank 1. If something is in the a(ir/air), you feel that it is happening or about to happen. 2. Information o(verload/oerload) means that decisions about what to read amongst thousands of electric capability books and articles is a highly problematic task. 3. I cant make head or t(ail/tail) of that badly written report. 4. If you give somebody a low-d(own/down) you tell them all the information they need to know. . If you a(ir/air) your views, you express your opinions about something in public. 6. Despite his great s(ense/sense) of humor, he a great deal find it difficult to resolve to his audience. 7. R(edundancy/redundancy) is the situation when soulfulness loses their job because their employer does not need them. 8. Good presenters establish good r(apport/rapport) with the audience. 9. A(rticulation/articulation) is the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech. 10. An open p(lan/plan) office is the on e which has few or no walls inside, so it is not divided into smaller rooms. 11.A l(ine/line) manager is a person with direct managerial responsibility for a contingent employee. 12. Internal communication can be one of the hardest nuts to c(rack/crack) in business. I am not sure whether or not I s(tand/stand) a chance of being promoted soon. As he couldnt attend the meeting, she is giving a heavyset of the main point to put him in the p(icture/picture). If you be at a l(oss/loss) for words, you ar unable to say anything because something surprising or totally unexpected has happened. If someone drops a h(int/hint), he or she makes a suggestion in an indirect elan. Unit 2In the short term, firms may experience increased risk and decreasing profits when.. going international. Going Traveling Cruising Arriving The main target of the anti-globalization purport is corporate power, not capitalism, but these perspectives do not necessarily exclude one another. progress Movement Arri val Motion Because of the budget. , this years focus has been to add value to increase gross sales without impacting gross profit margin. lack emptiness constraints complications We out promotional activities for various companies in the internet through classified websites. bring take make carryPeople in Chile prefer instant coffee freshly brewed. to with for about Even the most differences in consumer profile of a Columbian and a Venezuelan will not have been lost in Starbucks. illusive catchy gentle subtle In order to private-enterprise(a) advantage, companies will try to make their products and go stand out from their competitors. insure secure sure certain Marketers need to be awargon of the buying behavior of and potential guests. present existing conventional current US-style coffee houses have been up in the upmarket districts of the country. appearing springing coming oing Anyone who knows the Starbucks story can already go out potential outlets in the most fashio nable of the regions capital cities. neighborhoods neighbors fields factors The aim of advertising is to persuade consumers to ask a specific product or service. efficient extreme ultimate decisive Brand in like manner presents some intangible aspects of a product since it is how the product or often even the whole companys by its customers. perceived received believed relieved Brand is the of ideas, feelings, and perceptions about lifestyle and experimental condition, image and quality. versus nexus lexis focusNumerous shopping malls offer customer free parking, and all the major retail fools can be purchased under one . roof house tower citadel Coca Cola has its low- aboriginal drinks to every market. economized altered customized intermitd Consumer tastes vary enormously from one country to . another the other ohers other Their mailing list contains plenty of information and data so that they wont have any difficulty the most appropriate recipients for the mailshots. to identify identify identifying identified The most important decisions for international market are probablyproduct standardization and variety reduction. hat of what which of those of In international marketing, it is necessary to meet individual national requirements, peculiar(a)ly where goods are concerned. consumer function consuming consumed 15. The 2008 market is a declining market with businesses closing down, employees losing their jobs and a challenging stock market. Reducing declining falling failing 16. This technique is applicable to a vast variety of crops, but some modifications may be necessary to accommodate the peculiarities of each type. Forms specialties peculiarities specifications 17.Irony is a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result has the opposite or a very different result. Subtleness irony peculiarity homogeneity 18. Some analysts say Starbucks was forced to globalize because it had saturated its home market. Balanc ed equaled saturated justified 19. The extremely volatile exchange rate has impartd to considerable uncertainty in ? nancial markets. Impressive volatile confidential expanding 20. Expanding . surgical processs everyplaceseas poses challenges, including finding business partners, protecting intellectual property and complying with different local laws. Businesses Operations ork enterprises 21. For long-run sustainability of the industry, it is important to diversify the product range and happen upon towards products that are less resource intensive and fulfil market requirements. Types range forms mediums 22. Mission groundment is a short written description of the aims of a business, charity, government part or public organization. purpose mission target aim 23. If you want to compete you must play to your own strengths. play work base contribute 24. In many countries today, global flaw owners master the super-premium end of the market in any habituated product category, while local brands command the catch ones breath.Side end type sort 25. Global brand owners poured into the newly opened markets and, facing little competition in countries unaccustomed to consumer destination, they thought they would clean up. With about to for 26. As people turn over better off, they want more choices, not fewer. On with about off In order FillBlank 1. R(ed/red) t(ape/tape) and other examples of government bureaucracy disable a companys entry into a market. 2. Consumers buying habits can be described as their p(urchasing/purchasing) behavior. 3. A w(holesaler/wholesaler) fails goods to the retailers, usually in large quantities. 4.If goods in a shop are on s(pecial/special) offer, they are being sold at a lower price than usual. 5. If a market s(aturates/saturates), it provides too very much of a product so that at that place is more of this product available than there are people who want to buy it. 6. N(ovelty/novelty) is something which has not been ex perienced before and so is interesting. 7. If a culture is h(omogeneous/homogeneous), it consists people which are similar to each other or are of the same type. 8. A m(ission/mission) s(tatement/statement) is a formal summary of the aims and values of a company, organization, or individual. 9.M(arketing mix/marketing mix) is a combination of factors that can be understandled by a company to influence consumers to purchase its products. 10. M(ailshot/mailshot) is the government note of advertising or similar material to a lot of people at one time. Marketers sometimes focus on particular segments of a given overall market. This process is known as t(arget/target) marketing T(angible/tangible) assets are real, physical assets owned by a firm or individual that can be seen or touched. Unit 3 The excellent relations the company enjoys with the local community are a to its highly effective PR Department. credit put alent genius As a result of the governments of currency controls, i ts confining relations with several major foreign investors have been jeopardized. proposition prevarication compensation concession enchantment some of Toyotas Japanese plants have deed for certain models, over 16 plants are still closed. assumed consumed undermined resumed Retailers need to and build a relationship with the customer across a range of channels including the internet. inquire require acquire secure Theres a lot we can do to keep our customers and learn more about them. But we need to be creative and come with good ideas. p on about for I hope you dont mind me . to phone phoning phone phoned I hope that you might be able to advise me franchising contracts. for with about on Relations between them are rather . They dont seem to like or trust each other. smooth straightened amiable strained IAG has an peerless scale of operations and a of political and business connections. property wealth vast sum China is probably the insurance market with the biggest pote ntial in the world . untapped unheard unknown untouched Today, turning its pioneering presence into a success is AIGs biggest challenge. ntrepreneurial mercenary enterprising scotchal The report cardinal key elements of a palmy system. pinpoints guides invents orients In China, extravagant entertainment are part of business . doing practice action act The customer of the 21st blow does not have time on his or her hands. relentless disordered preoccupied restless Many major retailers failed to adjust to the towards internet buying. orientation move direction walk Unit 3 27. After . cementing good contacts, he went in and completely.. undermined all our hard work. Breaking/soured maintaining/established romoting/ built cementing/undermined 28. far-flung rumours of a hostile take-over bid are certain to .. strain relations between two leading French software companies. drain strain adjudicate pain 29. The restless customer of the 21 century does not have time on his or her hand s and there are million other providers, all ready and eager to sell to that customer. Restful Restless resting rested. 30. If something is transparent, it is very clear and easy to understand. Transferable transparent transmissible transactional 31. If someone is explicit, he or she says things clearly, exactly and openly. xplicit implicit requisite honest 32. An intermediary is someone who carries messages between people who are unwilling or unable to meet. Immediacy intermediary intermediatory intermediation 33. I think well have to terminate his contract because he doesnt fit in with the other people in the office. Extend renew terminate peculiarity 34. If a bank or other organization underwrites an natural action, it gives it financial support and takes responsibility for paying any costs if it fails. Underwrites makes certain guarantees secures 35. Capitalization is the total value of a companys shares on astock exchange.Market price capital capitalization market share 36. China was considered to be the insurance market with the biggest untapped potential in the world Untouched untapped unused undone 37. To lobby means to attempt to convince public officials to favor a certain cause or take a certain action. Persuade tempt induce lobby 38. In terms of investing in emerging markets, AIG has an edge over other insurers. edge advance experience activeness 39. With roots dating cover song more than half a century, AIG has an unrivalled scale of operations and a .. wealth of political and business connections. richness ealth vast various 40. Her outstanding performances set a new bench mark for singers throughout the world. record remark benchmark line Gapfilling 1. To a(ffiliate/affiliate) means to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group or organization. 2. Our agent let us down, we though we could c(ount/count) on him to boost sales but he had no commitment, no motivation. 3. They may be our compe titor, but we want to full stop on good t(erms/terms) with them. 4. They didnt h(it/hit) it off at commencement ceremony, but little by little the came to be friends. . You should be able not only to relate to your employees, but also to h(old/hold) on to them. 6. We are definitely going to create a new post, so I suggest we should s(ound/sound) out a few people about it. 7. We continue to be one of the worlds leading business-to-business supplier of office products and services, and our m(otto/motto) continues to be Our job is to make your job easier. 8. Wed like to d(raw/draw) your attention to our special offers for regular customers like you. Customers will tolerate a little delay, but they are un seeming to p(ut/put) up with rudeness.They get on really well with each other, so it came as a surprise when they f(ell/fell) out over such a trivial incident. Hes going to be t(ied/tied) up in the meeting till noon, so please come and see him in the afterwardnoon. Unit 4 1. The com pany will shares to indicate who owns the company, and in what proportion. print issue publish release 2. Billionaire financier George Soros stands to make .. profits with his newly launched investment fund. beautiful handsome pretty hunky 3. If you something, you to control it, usually in order to use its power. tackle harness integrateTheir hard work and investment is beginning to fruit. manufacture produce bear bring some(prenominal) staff underperformed last year and didnt their targets. see meet talk please Whether or not to deregulate health care is a .. issue. separate divisive gapping splitting When some key employees disappeared, the boss said that theyd left to other opportunities. gain pursue purchase ensure We are facial expression for for ways of our rivals. No one will be cheaper than us. underselling below selling above selling overselling In the late 1990s, many countries a sharp economic downturn. looked viewed witnessed glancedStaff who never get any praise for their achievements may up underrating their own abilities. finish terminate complete end What we are looking for a candidate who can get results and work well under pressure. are is being be 6. Of course I can see now that Brian is an to our company, and Im sorry I so badly misjudged him when he started working for us. asset access assessment acceptance 7. Well cut our expenses and downsize our in order to become more competitive on the market. practices actions operations work 8. After some teething troubles, they now have a business with a huge turnover. declining roaring riving diving Its been a lot of hard work, but she seems to be really making a of her business. walk go step come The new product filled the gap of the market and took off as soon as it was launched. filled/took filled/set covered/took covered/set If an industry, company, activity etc is in the , it is not doing well or heightening. depress deadness doldrums docks The Mobil logo is an instantly logo across the planet. recognized aware conscious comprehend While its difficult for the average investor to buy shares in Facebook right now, there are rumors that the company will go in 2012. stock general widespread ublic 41. The advent of LCD watch technology in 1970s created a vast opportunity for the company. Arriving Adventure advent going 42. Gimmick is something which is not full or of real value that is used to attract peoples attention or interest temporarily, especially to make them buy something. Slogan gimmick mimic contrivance 43. We have also seen the downfall of some companies which over-expanded during the last boom. Downmove downwards downfall falldown 44. As the retail market became saturated, they had to think up a short-term strategy and develop some long-term planning. Out up on of 45. Todays consumers are very price.. onscious, but aggressive price promotions undermine the perceived value of our brand Aware knowing informed conscious Gapfilling 1. N(epotism/ nepotism) means using your power or influence to get good jobs or unfair advantages for members of your own family. 2. If someone is r(uthless/ruthless), they have or show no pity or compassion for others. 3. P(rototype/prototype) is the first example of something, such as a machine or other industrial product, from which all later forms are developed. 4. A t(riumph/triumph) is a very great success, achievement or victory or a feeling of great satisfaction or pleasure caused by this. . The company has loyal customer b(ase/base) because it meets the expectation of customer by always delivering the goods at lower prices. 6. The company made a profit for the first time since going p(ublic/public). 10. A g(immick/gimmick) is something which is not serious or of real value that is used to attract peoples attention or interest temporarily, especially to make them buy something. 11. We dont want our customers to think we were r(ipping/ripping) them off if we charged them a higher price. N obody thought wed clinch the deal, but we came up t(rumps/trumps) in the end.A high f(lier/flyer/flier/lyer is someone who has a lot of ability and a strong desire to be successful and is whence expected to achieve a lot. 7. Since the emergence of high-speed Internet, the music industry has complained that it is being brought to its knees by the p(irates/pirate/pirates/irate) of downloading. 8. A f(law/flaw) is a fault, stray or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or which causes something not to be perfect. 9. If someone is f(ussy/fussy), they not easily satisfied and have very high standards about particular things.If a company is going p(laces/places), it is on the way to success. We had been always ahead of our rivals until 2003 when they o(utstripped/outstripped) us for the first time. Unit 5 16. We use strategies to reach audiences across all channels, from digital to mobile to word of mouth. integrated consolidated united blended 17. In the interview with Bloomberg Opedal says that Orkla is willing to sell assets to the expansion in Asia. supply finance pay off provide 18. Unemployment in the booming economies of Australia and New Zealand is at lows. most least record highest 1. The company is ways to keep the best salespeople. making oing watching devising 2. A liberal education helps students develop a of social responsibility. sense feeling perception sensation Because technology companies face the labor markets, they have been the most aggressive in devising ways to keep workers. smallest narrowest tightest tiniest Managers can educational and special prep leave for staff and encourage them to attend training programmes and conferences. decide avoid add advocate Dont throw funds at the workers who want to leave because pay dont always work. rises raises lifts elevations 6. The company want to hire people that are totally with their values. ined relations accompanied aligned 7. As a boss, you nee d to make employees feel theyre not interested in looking elsewhere, because theyre very happy with their life. as though though if whether 8. Building up employee loyalty is important with unemployment at a low. extreme most total record 9. The new CEO the bureaucratic corporate culture to profit-minded entrepreneurship. formed transferred transformed translated 10. The growing number of close relationships between staff has very bad effect on both performance and . goode moral motive motion He has a of accomplishment when a demanding task is carried out successfully. eel sense thinking perception The company should have of an individuals or groups efforts or contributions. acknowledgement knowledge realization admission 46. If an employee is so overloaded that there is not time to keep make this can increase the stress that leads to burnout. Over-burn burn-off burnout burn down 47. Generous remuneration packages are often attached to overseas postings. numeration remuneratio n pay benefit. 48. exclusively foreign owned enterprises enjoy exclusive management control of their own business activities and have autonomy in their operation and management with less disruption from the government.Appraisal autonomy bureaucracy assessment 49. In a performance appraisal, an employee discusses with their manager how well they have been doing their job, their progress, aims and needs at work. Bureaucracy commission appraisal motivator 50. Staff retention is one of the key factors required to keep your service quality constantly at high level. Retention maintenance retention incumbrance 51. Already providing top quality services, the company goes a step further by exceeding customers expectations at all times. More forwards upwards further 52. Labor crunch is a situation in which there are not enough workers.Redundancy restriction crunch intension 53. The companys agnatic leave policies are very generous in allowing time off and reentry into employment. Leave o ff rest vacation 54. We revamped all the management system, but the business is doing no better than it was before. Redid revamped retained regenerated 55. Morale. is the keep down of confidence felt by a person or group of people, especially when in a dangerous or difficult situation. Morale spirit mood status 56. A parent must be careful not to show favoritism towards any one of their children. Favorite favorability favoring favoritism 7. Could I have a quick word with you? saying sentence word talk 58. Actuaries. are people who calculate insurance risks and premiums according to statistical probabilities. Insurers calculators statisticians actuaries 59. If something is negligible, it is of very little importance or size and not worth considering. remote negligible slight umbrageous 60. They have to take decisive action to prevent these losses from escalating. Take make create do 61. By focusing on customers and their expectations, he helps companies develop integrated strategi es to achieve long-range performance goals.Integrated connected interrogated interrelated 62. She resumed her go after an interval of six years. Retook resumed redid remade 63. While acts of terrorism receive the most coverage, its the more traditional events such as fires, floods, explosions, power failures or natural disasters that have the biggest impact. Cover coverage newspapers social networks 64. Whether the quality of customers experiences is poor or excellent, all companies have room for improvement. Place vacancy room emptiness 65. When staff turnover is high, a manager needs to understand why people are leaving and work on correcting it.Turndown negative stimulation turnover turning 66. In urban arenas all the major operators in the last few years have been focusing on corporate clients to boost their revenues. Boot boost shoot host 67. About five years a go, the company began to lose sales and market share, and in the last two years, it has made a loss. made done caus ed taken 68. Individual business units must own and manage their own risks within the framework of an overall risk management policy. framework structure infrastructure organization 69. I am going to suggest we carry out a study of the market, and take it from there. carrying carry arried to carry 70. If a company is in a precarious situation, its in a dangerous state and theres a risk that it may go out of business. cautious precautious precarious embarrassing Gapfilling 1 I am up to my e(yes/eyes) at the moment. Would you be able to give me a hand with these progress report for tomorrows meeting. 2 R(aw/raw) material is the basic material from which a product is made. 3 R(etention/retention) is the continued use, existence or possession of something or someone. 4 P(erk/perk) is an advantage or extra thing, such as money or goods, which you are given because of your job. Common s(ense/sense) is the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a clean and safe way. 10. People talk much about need for work that gives them quality of life, the work-life b(alance/balance) and the avoidance of stress. A judicious system of p(erks/perks), such as caparison allowances or extra holidays should be devised. When the staff feel responsible and accountable for their own work, and when they are somehow involved in the decision-making p(rocess/process), their job satisfaction increases. 6 To d(evise/devise) means to invent a plan, system, object, etc. usually cleverly or using imagination. 7 D(esperation/desperation) is the feeling that you have when you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to take risks in order to change it. Everyone needs to continue to develop personally and p(rofessionally/professionally) on the job. A s(tatus quo/status quo) is the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change. 8. A s(hareh old/shareholder) is a person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a com pany is divided. 9. Our general manager is in c(harge/charge) of running the company and for making joint strategical decisions with the CEO.Unit 6 21. The treatment of a risk in one area may significantly increase the to risk in another area. contact exposure revelation disclosure 22. Failure to attempt the risks that can guide can easily result in a project riddled with potential for failure. managing manage to manage managed 23. While risk management has amend in the last decade, the risks have changed. undoubted undoubting undoubtedly undoubtful 24. Recovery plans of companies should include making certain their vendors and suppliers are also prepared for business . interferences interruptions nterventions intrusions 1. The SIA offers a unique forum for dealing with health and issues that may impact manufacture or sale of semiconductors domestically. safety protection security well-being 2 We need executives who can manage strategic risks properly in addition to being able to decisive action whenever necessary. make take do work 3. The company is losing direction and its core products are losing .. appeal appearance tempt picture 4. There was a marked growth in turnover, the groups rapid expansion over the last decade. reflect reflects reflected eflecting 5. Implementing a systematic to workplace safety will require a cultural change in many organizations and within the safety profession. way methodology road approach 6. Company policy and workstation practice must dictate that safety never takes a back to other interests. chair sit seat row No one should tolerate a potentially disabling or life-threatening risk in the of cost-cutting, productivity or any other priority. name image title behalf It is impossible to all risk when entering a new market. legitimate designate imitate eliminate 9.Research show that one-third of the worlds leading companies have for improvement. place location area room 10. Unless businesses accept and review risk re gularly, they could eventually find themselves in a state of crisis, struggling to survive focused growth. instead than but rather than Gapfilling 1. If a risk is n(egligible/negligible), it is so small that that it is not worth badgering about. 2. A(ctuary/actuary) is a person who calculates how likely accidents, such as fire, flood or loss of property, are to happen, and tells insurance companies how much they should charge their customers. . Many business leaders are s(cratching/scratching) their heads when it comes to protecting their business against risks. 4. Businesses that do attempt to manage these risks will boost their b(ottom/bottom) lines. 5. H(azard/hazard) is something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage. 6. Absenteeism is the practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason. 7. There is a lot companies can do to stop risky events from becoming a disaster in the first p(lace/place). 8. C(raftsmanship/craftsmanship) is the readiness at making things. 9.Joint v(enture/venture) is a commercial enterprise undertaken jointly by two or more parties which otherwise retain their distinct identities. 10. S(take/stake) is a share or a financial involvement in something such as a business. If the risk is n(egligible/negligible), it is so small that it is not worth harassment about. D(icey/Dicey) is an informal word which means the same as risky. Economic b(lockade/blockade) is a situation when a country or place is surrounded by soldiers or ships to stop people or goods from going in or out. Unit 7 26. from Facebook, Fotobounce can also upload photos to Flickr.Away Apart Except unaffectionate To be open and transparent as part of our commitment to boost public in publicly funded education. reliance possession confidence intimacy 28. vehicle loan providers have set up internet where they allow clients to fill out loan applications on the internet. functions working operations actions 29. Yoox. com chose to launch in Europe first, close to the designers goods it sells. that which whom whose 30. We enjoy working with companies that want to the online world and generate revenue through the world wide web (www). mbrace contain hold encircle 1 biggest US retailers are developing integrated operations. Some of the Some the Some of Of the 2. The company has expanded well beyond its as a seller of books and CDs, acting as an online mall selling everything from gourmet foods to clothing. basis ground causes roots 3. JC Penney, the century-old department store chain, its Internet sales reach $600m last year. saw looked pointed stared 71. If you waste your companys money you could risk going bankrupt because the money that you are wasting could be better spent else where. oing go to go went 72. If you . customize a product or service, you make or change it according to the buyers need. customize individualize justify commercialize 73. Smarterwork does an excellent job of matching freelance. professi onals to organizations looking for particular skills. professors professionals employers recruiters 74. If you are .. browsing the Internet, you are looking for information on it. seeking investigating browsing logging on 75. A directory is a book which gives a list of names, addresses or other facts. dictionary postal directory guidebook 76.Major players such as Coca-Cola are now seeing their Facebook pages receive more hits than their individual websites. comers guests strikes hits 77. A gourmet is a person who knows a lot about food and cooking, and who enjoys eating high-quality food. eater taster appetite gourmet 78. High-street products are those that are intended for ordinary public and not for rich people. high-street low-street common usual 79. Russian internet company Yota has grown from to become one of the largest firms in the market. fundamental principle scratch nothing fundamental 80. Internet shopping is easier, more convenient and offer bigger. nd a lot of the maj or retailers are having to get to grips with it because consumers are dragging them into the space. sorts goods ranges kinds 81. As we didnt understand the potential impact of e-purchasing early enough, so we are lagging behind our competitors. coming stepping lagging locomote 82. Our company will be able to compete in the new global marketplace only if we seize the opportunities present. seize Do Make hold Fillblank 1. Search e(ngine/engine) is a computer program which finds information on the Internet by looking for words which you have typed in. To l(itter/litter) means to spread across an area or place untidily. 3. A s(tart-up/start-up/ start up/tart up) is a newly established business. A(utonomy/autonomy) is the ability to act and make decisions without being controlled by anyone else. 4. Bricks and m(ortar/mortar) is the term used to denote a business that operates conventionally rather than over the Internet. 5. M(ail-order/mail-order/ mail order/ail order) is a way of buyin g goods in which you choose what you want, usually from a catalogue, and it is sent to you. FillBlank Unit 1 1.As an instructor she has s(ense/sense) of humor, she is enthusiastic and sets long-span goals. 2. C(orporate/corporate) i(dentity/identity) is the characteristics of acorporationwhich is intentional to accord with and facilitate the attainment of business target areas. It is usually visibly manifested by way of branding and the use oftrademarks. 3. To encourage effective communication between departments, the Trust was keen to adopt open p(lan/plan) office accommodation. Unit 2 4. The process of expanding b(eyond/beyond) the domestic market can seem very intimidating and daunting for many small businesses. . If you state an amount per c(apita/capita), you mean that amount for each person. 6. An o(utlet/outlet) is shop that owned by a particular company and that sells the goods which the company has produced. 7. One of the big problems for smaller investors is getting a f( oothold/foothold) in the commercial property market. 8. F(oreign/forgeign) e(exchange/xchange) is the system by which the type of money used in one country is exchanged for another countrys money, making international trade easier. Unit 3 9. If you b(reak/break) off a talk with someone, you stop it because you cant find agreement. 0. ILT Services is set to b(uild/build) up a sales network for Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. 11. LABG is a student organization whose purpose is to f(oster/foster) the relations between Chicago Booth and Latin American people. Unit 4 12. The customer b(ase/base) is the group ofcustomersorconsumersthat abusinessserves. 13. A w(holly/wholly) owned subsidiary is a company whose stock is entirely owned by another company. 14. C(osmetic/cosmetic) s(urgery/surgery) is any medical operation which is intended to improve a persons appearance rather than their health. 15.If you o(utbid/outbid) someone for something, you offer more money than him or her to buy that thing. Unit 5 16. C(omission/commission) is the payment to someone who sells goods which is directly related to the amount of goods sold. 17. C(ommon/common) sense is the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way. 18. If you get a pay r(ise/rise), you have an increase in the fixed amount of money you earn for doing your job. 19. Like the rest of the world, Canada will face a labour c(runch/crunch/crisis/risis) in the next 10 years. Unit 6 20.Successful modern leaders should be supportive of staff, but should also take d(ecisive/decisive) action to maintain standards of behaviour. 21. A h(azard/hazard) is something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage. 22. Staff t(urnover/turnover) is the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new people. 23. A(bsenteeism/ bsenteeism) is a habitualpatternofabsencefrom adutyorobligation. Traditionally, it has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance. 24. Financial services firms are ahead of the curve when it c(omes/comes) to risk management practices.Unit 7 26. A d(irectory/directory) is a book that gives a list of names, addresses or other facts. 27. A p(ioneer/pioneer) is a person who is one of the first people to do something. 28. M(ail/mail) o(rder/order) is way of buying goods in which you choose what you want, usually from acatalogue, and it is sent to you. 29. If someone or something is home-g(rown/grown), they choke to or were developed in your own country. 30. If a product or a service is e(xclusive/exclusive), it is expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class. IndicateMistakes Midterm 1.In the Harvard Business School professor Theodore Lewitts seminal paper The Globalization of Market, (written) in 1983, he argued that, as new media and technology shrank the world, peoples tastes would converge, (creating) a single global market that (would be dominated) by the worlds most (success) brands. 2. So when the Berlin Wall (fell) and the barriers (to) world trade (came down), it seemed Prof Lewitt would be proved (rightly). 3. Global brand owners (poured into) the (newly opened markets) and, facing (few competition) in countries (unaccustomed to) consumer culture, they thought they would clean up.Then some awkward commercial realities started to close in. 4. Once local consumers (had tried) these new products, they ( engraft) them (far too expensively) to buy (on regular basis), even if they liked them. 5. And soon, local producers (sprang up) (offer) much better (value for money) with products of only (slightly inferior quality) at a vastly lower price. 6. (Usually), too, these products were (better suited) to local tastes and cultural preferences than (that) being (foisted onto) consumers by the global corporations. 7.The global brand owners were left (spreading) their advertising and other (fixing costs) over (tiny market shares) and often f aced (extra costs), such as tariffs. 8. In (many of) these countries today, global brand owners command the (super-premium end) of he market in any (given product category), while local brands command (rest). 9. The global brand owners could try (to move) into the mass market by (creating) low-price products (design) to suit local tastes, but that would throw them into head-on competition with local companies possessing better dissemination channels and a (far deeper understanding) of the market. 0. Increasingly, therefore, they have resorted to (buying) local brands and the companies (whose) own them. And here, of course, (lies) the paradox. Whatever is the point of owning a global brand if it does not (work) in global market? Final exam 1. (On the surface), supple working might (seem to be) about people (being) able to choose their working hours and, perhaps, exceed some time (to work) away from the office. 2. But it is also (a fundamental change) in the way (people work)- and, (more importantly), the way (they managed). 3.Flexible working is (a shift) from time-based to result-based (working practices) and could herald the biggest change (for) the (workplace) since the (start) of the industrial revolution. 4. New employee legislation is one of the main (motivation) for employers (to introduce) flexible working practice-but not the only one. In Europe, for example, employers are obliged (to offer) parents with young or disabled children the right (to request) flexible working. 5. While legislation is a major catalyst to (introducing) flexible working, there are other reasons.In the US, for example, the fall in the price of (mass market computer) and communications technologies (are) encouraging organization (to allow) more home working. 6. Flexible working is also (likely) to (appeal to) a wider skill pool and help with (staff retention). Marry Sue Rogers, human capital management leader at IBM Global Service, says that IBM has embraced flexible working ( helping) with recruitment. 7. In Europe, companies have to (provide) flexible working (because of) legislation-but it is also a way (to recruit) from a broader skill pool, (include) women and older people. . (With) an (ageing) workforce we have to find ways to retain older staff. It also gives (greater scope) to male employees who (increasing) want flexible working to create a better work/life balance. 9. Although new legislation (is forcing) organizations (to adopt) flexible working practices, there are (sound) business reasons to give employees more (flexible). 10. Organizations which have (embraced) flexible working have found that it can (cut costs) and improve productive). More importantly, it enables them (to recruit) staff from much broader skill pool and retain staff.Resit 1. Management (at) large organizations do not embark (on) widespread and risky company restructurings (unless) they believe their businesses are (for) straitened financial circumstances. 2. And the potenti al long-term damage (with) company branding that can be done if staff and managers clash publicly (over) plans will almost always take a back seat (to) other priorities, such as getting the business back (into) profit. 3. Nevertheless, brands are (a key part) of the intangible assets that (is) playing an ( more and more) important role on company (balance sheets). 4.This (means) that it can be a serious issue for any business if its brands emerge as (tainted) in the long term by strikes and other industrial conflicts. If this is the (risky), how can corporations or other (branded organizations) reduce this danger? 5. Langford estimates that about a third of his clients problems (with respect to) this risk (are) caused by the behavior of their (staff) with industrial action and modify workers (be) the most common examples. 6. Poor industrial relations do not come about (in isolation). They reflect (on) the business (as whole) and the way (in which) it is being managed. 7.If the mana gement think the brand is (something) (done) by the marketing communications department, (this) makes for very poor brand (strategic). 8. The danger here for service companies (is) that the impression of the brand (given) to the customer is often dictated by the (behave) of staff at the bottom of the (organization hierarchy). 9. Brands (represent) the (value) of the organizations relationship with (their) customers. Its the one thing (a competitor) cannot copy. 10. Companies are not able (to insure) against (declines) in brand value, but often compound the problem by (not manage) the risk to (their) most valuable asset.Indicate mistakes Midterm (1-3) 1. The communication between companies and customers is (increasing) becoming two-way, with customers service centres (designed) to gather information, not just (complaints), from customers about (all aspects of use) of a companys products. 2. (Some) say that first impressions (count). (Another) think that someones character can only b e judged after a lot of (contact) in business contexts and socially. 3. A new trend for companies (to set up) e-marketplaces on the Internet (that) they work together (on) procurement of materials and parts.Suppliers can make bids (in competition with) each other. 4. When firms work together (on) a particular project, they may (enter) into a strategic alliance. This may (take the format) of a (joint venture) between two or three companies or a consortium between several organizations. 5. Globalization has (affected) marketing strategies in many ways. In the past, for example, the best way to enter a market tended (be) the main concern. Today, (by contrast), international marketers ask themselves whether it is better to standardize or to adapt a product (across) different markets. . (Finding) the right international mix has (become) one of the key (question), and answers vary (greatly) from company to company and from product to product. 9. HCPS is a private health care organization (based) in Geneva, Switzerland. It (offers) advice and (treat) to wealthy people and company employees (all over the world). 10. The HCPS group was (formed) a year ago, (following) a takeover of HCP by Sanicorp, another health care organization. Since the takeover, the company has become more centralized, with more decisions (is) made by the top management at (head office).Final (1-7) 1 It (estimated) that 90 per cent of (medium) to large companies that could not (resume) near-normal operations within five days of an emergency would (go out of) business. 2 While acts of terrorism receive the most (coverage), its the more traditional (events) such as fires, floods, explosions, power failures or natural disasters (who) have the biggest (impact). 3 To (best) protect cashflow, competitive position and profit, companies need to (access) the potential hazards that can (impact) top revenue sources and make sure (there is) business continuity planning. 4. Getting) to a (win-win situation) c learly requires (a number of) special skills, such as (make) concessions. 5. After 17 years of (lobbying) by Mr Greenberg, AIG was the first foreign (insurer) (being) allowed (in to) China. 6. Over the (past) six years, Samsung (fights) to move its brand image more (upmarket) to compete with (premium) names, such as Sony. 7. Pressure has (mounted) on Samsung to keep its (efforts). The company recently slipped back (into) third place behind Motorola (on) mobile handset sales. 8. It is clear that young people have a (huge impact) (over) their parents and older people (when) it comes to (choose) technology. . (On) the surface, flexible working might seem to be about people (be) able to choose their working hours, and perhaps, spend (some time) working away from office. But it is also a fundamental change in the way people work, and more (importantly) the way they are managed. 10. (Flexible working) is also likely to appeal (with) a wider (skill pool) and help (with) staff retention. Re sit (1-7) 1 People are happiest not only when they are (respected member) of a team (they admire) (but) when the team and the company are respected by (the world outside). Being (part) of a (trusted), honest group is an indispensable component of employee happiness and engagement. So (is) (establish) ties with colleagues you respect. 3 Management at large organizations do not embark (on) widespread and (risk) company (restructurings) unless they believe their businesses are in (straitened) financial circumstances. 4. Brands (are) a key part of the intangible (assess) that are (playing) an increasingly important role (on) company balance sheets. 5. It can be a serious issue (for) any business if its brands (emerge) as tainted (in the long term) by strikes and (another) industrial conflicts. . (Figures) out from 2004 from Ofcom, the communications regulator, (showed) that more than 56 per cent of homes had internet (access), with a third of those (have) a broadband connection. 7. Exte rnally, advertising has been the most visible (form) of communication (with) customers. (Usual) this is designed to increase product sales, but there is also institutional advertising, designed to improve perceptions of company (as a whole). 8. UK companies have failed in the past (prepare) their (staff) in key areas before (sending) them abroad. Whats new is that they are starting to (pay attention to) it. . While 89 per cent of companies formerly assess a candidates job skills prior to a foreign posting, less than half go through the same process for cultural suitability. 10. Several department heads are stressed because they cant get a quick answer when they want to spend money, even small sums. When they ask their present line manager 1. In 1967, thaumaturgy Kenneth Galbraith argued that the USA (was run) by a handful of big companies (who) planned the economy in the name of stability. These were (hierarchy) and bureaucratic organizations (making) long runs of standardized pro ducts. 2.They introduced new and improved (varieties) with predictable regularity they provided their workers (for) lifetime employment and they enjoyed (fairly) good industrial relations with the ( titan trade unions). 3. That world is now dead. The USs giant corporations have all (disappeared) or (be transformed) by global competition. (Most) have shifted their production systems from high-volume to high-value, from standardized to customized. And they have (flattened) their management hierarchies. 4. Few people these days expect (to spend) their lives (to move) up the ladder of a single organization.Dramatic changes (are taking place). But where exactly are they (taking up)? Where is the modern company heading? 5. These are three standard answers (to) this question. The first is that a handful of giant companies are engaged (with) a silent takeover of the world. The past couple of decades have (seen) a record number of mergers. The survivors are (far) more powerful than nation s tates. 6. The second (school of thought) argues (almost the opposite) it (says) that big companies are thing of the past. For a glimpse of the future, look at the Monorail Corporation, (that) sells computers. 7.Monorail (owns no) factories, warehouses or any (others) tangible assets. It operates in an office building in Atlanta. (Freelance workers) are designing the computers while (demand) is still low. 8. The third (school of thought) (says) that companies are being replaced by net works. Groups of entrepreneurs form such a network to market an idea. They then sell it to the highest bidder and (move on to) produce another idea and to create another firm, with the money (is) supplied all the time by venture capitalists. 9. Another way (to look) at the future of the company is (to focus) on the environment that will determine it.That environment is dominated by one thing choice. Technology and globalization opens up (ever more) opportunities for individuals and (firm) to collect inf ormation and conduct economic activity outside traditional structures. 10. While the age of (mass production) lowered the costs of products (for) the expense of (limiting) choices, modern flexible production systems both (lower) costs and increase choices. 11. Consumers have more choice over where (will they spend) their money. Producers have more choice over which suppliers (to use). Shareholders have more choice over where (to put) (their) money. 12.With (all that choice) around, future (company) will have to be very flexible in order to (quickly adapt) to the changing environments if they (are to survive). 1. The nation was (in shock). David Beckham, Britains most (beautiful) footballer emerged from his house on Monday morning (to allow) the world (photograph) a wound above his left eye. 2. Sir Alex Ferguson, manager of (his then team) Manchester United, had (lost his temper) after a defeat and(kick) a football boot, (which) hit the Beckham eyebrow. 3. In sports, more than in mos t businesses, the management tactics are (out in the open) for all to see.Not many managers try (to strangle) their subordinates-as Bobby Knight, a former basketball coach at Indiana University, (once do). But the ability (to inspire fear) has always been an essential tool of management. 4. (Lots of) successful chief executives (rule by terror). (None), it must be said, (reaches) the standard (setting) by John Patterson, who built NCR early in the 20th century. 5. One NCR executive discovered he (had been fired) when he found his desk and chair (in flames) on the company lawn. Modern laws (on) rehabilitative dismissal and employee harassment have put an end (with) such fun. . However, terror in the workplace is (making a comeback) these days. In an economic upswing, fear (goes underground). Workers are (scarcity), and therefore powerful bosses must handle the talent (with) care. 7. When times (turn tough), the balance of power swings. As Hank Paulson, chairman of Goldman Sachs, (pu t it), in a speech that upset his staff, in almost every one of our businesses, there are 15-20% of the people that really (adds) 80% of the value. (In other words), 80-85% are largely redundant-and had better shape up fast. 8. Does fear really motivate?In sport, says Scott Snook, who teaches organizational behavior at Harvard Business School, fear can become a barrier to (take) risks, (yet) can provide the essential stirred kick needed to (meet) a challenge. Coaches need to (strike) the right balance in order to develop talent. 9. Yet (use) in boardroom, fear can be disastrous. Tony Couchman, a headhunter at Egon Zehnder in London, (recalls) the board of a large firm with a chief executive who so dominated his directors that they (rarely) questioned or challenged him. Success in such a company depends on (having) a great leader and a steady market, he argues. 0. Jim Collins, author of a book that explains why some firms (succeed in) making the jump from good to great and (other) fail, found that the approach (to) fear was a key distinction among firms that he surveyed. He found that in the (truly) successful firms people were productively neurotic. 11. At Microsoft, for example, employees worry all year (at the prospect) of their annual meetings with Bill Gates, (who) even (being shouted at) would not hurt as much as (seeming) to be an idiot. 12. The (driving) fear of failure, points out Mr.Collins, is not unique (to) corporate life. Im self-employed, and I live with constant fear, he says. But Im self-afraid. That kind of fear is common among creative artists and also in professional services (where) the person is the product and lots of fragile egos have to (manage). 1. In its 30-year history, Nike had become the (undisputed) leader in sports marketing. But beneath the success (was) an Achilles heel. Nike is named (for) a woman the Greek goodness of victory-but for most of its history, the company had been perceived as (being) generally about men. . C ould Nike do more to realize full potential of female customers? And how could it afford (not to), given the threats to its future with Air Jordan (ran) out of air and brands like Sketchers (digging) into the teen market with shoes inspired by skateboarding, not basketball. That was a huge question at Nike HQ. The launch of Nike Goddess was the (makings) of an answer. 3. For (many of) its history, Nikes destiny was controlled by its founders, Phil Knight and his (running buddies), who designed up athletes in locker rooms and made the (executive decisions).But by throwing together a diverse team of people with different backgrounds and different levels of seniority, Nike has found that it can keep (many of) its core attributes while (adding) news sources of inspiration. 4. (Taking) the (combination) of star designer John Hoke and newcomer Mindy Grossman, vice president of global apparel. Hoke designed (the look) and (feel) of the first Nike Goddess store. 5. Then Grossman, whose car eer has included (helping) (making) Ralph Lauren into a retail icon, pitched the design ideas to Nikes top retailers as stores within stores.Now it (looks) like Nike has a chance (to reach) a crucial objective double its sales to women by the end of the decade. 6. Nike Goddess began (as a concept) for a women-only store, and theres a reason why. (Many) of the retail settings in which the companys products were found were a turnoff to female customers dark, loud, and harsh- in a word, male. (On sharp contrast), the Nike Goddess stores have the comforting (feel) of a womans own home. 7. Designing a new approach to retail was only one element in Nikes campaign. (Another) was redesigning the shoes and clothes (themself).Nikes footwear designers worked (on) 18-month production cycles-which made (it) hard to stay in step with the new styles and colours for women. 8. The apparel group, (which) worked around 12-month cycles, was better at (keeping on with) fashion trends. But (that) (meant) that the clothes werent co-ordinated with the shoes-a big turnoff for women. 9. When Jackie Thomas, Nikes US brand marketing director for w

On North Korea’s refusal to give up its nukes

About whether or not northeastward Koreas nuclear arms program and development capabilities are substantial to be regarded as a threat. Now that the cats out of the bag, it seems that the communist state has no plans of letting go of its arsenal, despite numerous calls and threats of sanctions from other countries, like the United States, Japan and China.Since coupling Korea is a very poor country, posting resistance to the world powerhouses does not appear to be the most prudent choice, especially since the government needs to respect congenial relationships with its concern partners to stay afloat. However, it appears that Kim Jong Il has a more important and higher end in mind. Thus, we present this question What factors explain north-central Koreas cutthroat and continued resistance to calls for the discontinuation of its nuclear weapons program?The North Korean nuclear weapons program was established in the 1960s under the assistance of the then-power USSR. Unfortunately, its bomb plans were doused in the wake of the Cold War, particularly following the decline of the Soviet powerr. This did not stop North Korea from pursuing its goal, developing and launching the 20-megawatt thermal reactor in 1986.Nobody really knew to what extent North Koreas microwave capabilities had reached, but intelligence analysts had estimated that the country had enough plutonium to make several warheads. How much, nobody could introduce and the mystery had started to become a cause for alarm. So, when they finally declared that they, indeed, have weapons of concourse destruction, the international community thought it best to intervene.Has the US lost its credibility as a key world force in this situation? For North Korea, perhaps. The fact that the US was found to have manipulated intelligence about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq had made observers dubious about its claims that North Koreas nuclear capabilities were on highly destructive and potentially abusi ve levels. In addition, US professorship George W. Bush calling the country an axis of evil and outpost of tyranny even with the lack of sufficient evidence had made North Koreans questioning of the US intentions. In fact, it has been aid that North Koreas nuclear abilities are what deter other more powerful countries from taking advantage of it.Economy North Korea is a poor nation. Thus, it is employ its leverage against trade partners in order to get better exchange deals and extract maximum values. Its weapons of mass destruction is it bargaining chip. Also, given the US predisposition to abuse its power, North Korea is using its arsenal as security insurance. Another possible factor is that Kim Jong Il intends to make a huge mark as a political leader and be identified as the leader that secured for the country economic security and world fame.In the end, we can say that North Korea refuses to give up its nuke arsenal because, more than pleasing the sopor of the world, it is aimed at making sure it is benefitting at the highest possible level. North Korea has gone too far behind the rest of the world to give up the one thing that gives it leverage now.Other countries might find it appalling a threat that North Korea might dole out taking over the world with its nukes and other horror stories. It could be so. However, it could also be a grand attempt at keeping the country alive. North Korea has survived years operating independently and it is not likely to back down now. When we really look deep into the issue and see it from North Koreas vantage point, it is a noble act.BIBLIOGRAPHYNorris, Roberts and Hans M. Kristensen. North Koreas nuclear program, 2005 Retrieved on October 16, 2006 from http//thebulletin.org/article_nn.php?art_ofn=mj05norris.World regrets North Koreas quitting nuke talks. Retrieved on October 16, 2006 from http//www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/02/10/nkorea.talks/index.html

French Rev

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION PAST YEAR ESSAY QUESTIONS No. PAPER ESSAY QUESTION 1 O/N 2001 why did Louis XVI reveal to satisfy the demands of the revolutionaries in France during the boundary 1789-1793? 2 M/J 2002 Why did the French revolution become increasingly radical during the years 1789-94? 3 O/N 2003 Which of the grievances of the Third Estate in France in 1789 were the most important? Explain your answer. 4 O/N 2004 How far and why did the aims of revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to 1793? 5 O/N 2005 Why during the period 1789 to 1793 did Louis XVI fail to satisfy the demands of the French revolutionaries? 6 M/J 2006 From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution its internal or its external enemies? 7 M/J 2007 Why did Louis XVIs policies from 1789 fail to prevent his effectuation in 1793? 8 O/N 2008 Why did the French ancien regime collapse in 1789? 9 0/N 2009/(11) The scotch difficulties of France in 1789 we re more serious than the political problems. How far do you agree with this judgement? 10 O/N 2009/(12) How far, and why, did the aims of the revolutionaries in France change during the period from 1789 to the execution of Louis XVI in 1793? 11 M/J 2010/ (13) The most important problem of the French ancient regime was poor quality leadership. How far do you agree with this judgement? 12 O/N 2010/ (11) Why did the rulers of France from 1789 to 1799 fail to hold on power? 13 O/N 2010/ (13) Why did the induction of the Estate-General in 1789 not solve the problems of the ancient regime? 14 M/J 2011/(11) Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? 15 M/J 2011/ (13) Did Robespierre and the Jacobins do more to save or to endanger the French Revolution? 16 O/N 2011/ (12) Explain the rise and fall of the Jacobins in France during the period from 1789 to 1794. 17 O/N 2011/ (13) Why were the attempts to reform the ancient regime in France up to 1789 unsuccessful?

Collision Theory

Collision Theory The theory proposes that molecules must collide in a particular way with a certain amount of energy to ultimately form a new product. This is because only a select portion of molecules during a reaction have enough energy and the correct orientation to break any existing bonds to form new ones at the moment of impact with other(a) reactants. The very minimum amount of energy needed for this process to occur is referred to as activation energy.Collision theory explains why reaction rates differ for assemble reactions and overly how chemical reactions occur in the first place. During a reaction, collision theory states that the higher(prenominal) the concentration of the reactants, the faster the rate of the reaction. More reactants leads to to a greater extent in effect(p) collisions between the particles to create a new product whereas a higher concentration of products is associated with a slower reaction rate. An increase in temperature can also speed up the re action rate.Temperature is a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy in a system so a higher temperature leads to a higher average kinetic energy of the molecules in the reaction, therefore, more collisions occur a faster rate of reaction. However, there is a limit in some reactions as some reactants/products can be destroyed or denatured by a temperature that exceeds its optimum conditions. In reactions involving a gas, pressure becomes a factor. Increasing the pressure will increase the chance of molecules colliding as there will be less space for them to move thus speeding up the rate of reaction.Pressure has the same effect on reactions as concentration because both factors alter the density of the particles in the reaction the higher the more dense. In reactions involving material reactants, to increase the rate of reaction, they should be ground up into smaller pieces (powder) as it will increase its surface area exposing more particles to the other reactant. As more particles are exposed, the reaction rate will escalate as more collisions can occur.